World History and Geography: The Modern World

10.3 -Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.

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CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.1 Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize.

The Industrial Revolution in England

Specific Objective: Analyze why England was the first country to industrialize.

Read the question-and-answers below. Then do the practice items on the next page. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the mid-1700s. In the century that followed, factories and machines transformed the nation and spread throughout Europe and North America. Instead of using hand tools to make household quantities, people came to rely on machinery to produce large amounts of goods to be sold in shops.

Q: Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

: Economic Strength

• During the 1600s, overseas exploration had opened new markets for England, and led to a thriving economy based on money.
• British merchants invested money in new industries.
• New financial institutions such as banks offered business loans that helped spur industrial growth. The most famous was the powerful Bank of England, 1694.

: Geography and Natural Resources

• England’s rivers offered a dual advantage. Fast-flowing rivers were a source of water power to fuel machinery, and throughout the nation rivers provided inland transportation routes for industrial goods.
• In addition, England’s excellent natural harbors were a benefit to merchant ships.
• England had rich natural resources in the form of coal and iron mines. Coal was a valuable source of energy to fuel machinery, and iron was used to make machines and products, such as tools and cookware.
• A region in west-central England became known as the Black Country for its smoke clouds from factories burning coal and smelting iron.

: Population Growth

• Scientific improvements in farming during the 1700s led to more crops and healthier livestock—an Agricultural Revolution that brought more food to the people. Health and living conditions improved, and the population increased.
• A larger population meant greater demand for goods and more available labor.

: Political Stability

• An isolated, island nation, England participated in European wars of the 18th and early 19th centuries, but never on home ground.
• England’s industrial growth was not interrupted by war.

Questions:

1. What was a direct effect of increased food production during Europe’s Agricultural Revolution?
   1. New markets opened.
   2. Overseas trade increased.
   3. The population increased.
   4. Excess food was wasted.
2. During the 1600s, Europe developed a thriving economy based on
   1. barter.
   2. money.
   3. banking.
   4. factories.
3. defining feature of Europe’s Industrial Revolution was that many commercial goods were
   1. purchased in overseas markets.
   2. manufactured in less developed countries.
   3. sold without economic barriers such as tariffs.
   4. made by machine rather than by hand.
4. geographic advantage of England in the Industrial Revolution was its
   1. natural harbors.
   2. national bank.
   3. central location in Europe.
   4. central mountain range.
5. The “Black Country” of England was known for its
   1. forest fires.
   2. smoke from coal.
   3. fast-flowing rivers.
   4. political stability.
6. What was one important power source for factories in 18th-century England?
   1. gas
   2. electricity
   3. oil
   4. water

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.2 Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change (e.g., the inventions and discoveries of James Watt, Eli Whitney, Henry Bessemer, Louis Pasteur, Thomas Edison).

Inventions and Social Change

Specific Objective: Examine how scientific and technological changes and new forms of energy brought about massive social, economic, and cultural change.

Read the chart and summaries to answer the questions on the next page. Machinery made the Industrial Revolution possible. Reliance on machinery defined the revolution from its earliest days, and technological innovation drove its development. Here are some of the best-known innovations.

Technological Innovations of the Industrial Revolution
Inventor	Invention	Significance
James Watt	Improved steam engine (1769)	Provided an efficient source of industrial power
Eli Whitney	Cotton gin (1793)	Sped cotton production by separating fiber from seed
Henry Bessemer	Bessemer process (1850s)	Quickly and cheaply made steel out of iron
Louis Pasteur	Pasteurization (sterilization) of liquids (1860s)	Increased the shelf life of milk and other products
Thomas Edison	Improved electric light (1879)	Made possible long-lasting indoor electric light

Spread of Technology

• By the 1840s, England had become a nation connected by railroads. Around the same time, the United States, Russia, and European nations, such as France and Germany, developed rail systems too. Railroads transported goods and linked commercial centers.
• Major advances in communications had occurred by the 1870s. International mail service had been achieved; telegraph messages could be transmitted around the world in minutes; and, in 1876, the telephone was used for the first time (though it did not become widespread until the early 1900s).

Effects on Society

• In agricultural life, the forces of weather and nature rule. In the new industrial culture, work could take place in any weather and more quickly than ever before.
• Railroads replaced horses, increasing loads and decreasing shipping and travel times. With the telegraph, it now took minutes rather than months for a message to reach a faraway destination. The pace of life had changed forever.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What impact did the steam engine have on the growth of industry?
   1. permitted merchants to reach new markets
   2. ended dependence on ocean transport
   3. reduced pollution compared with coal
   4. provided an efficient source of power
2. What technology did James Watt improve?
   1. the steam engine
   2. cotton processing
   3. electric light
   4. the Bessemer process
3. Which process would be an example of pasteurization?
   1. Milk is sterilized.
   2. Cotton fiber is separated.
   3. Coal is burned to make steam.
   4. Steel is made out of iron.
4. By the 1840s, England was connected by a network of
   1. craft guilds.
   2. telephone lines.
   3. railroads.
   4. electric lines.
5. Which 20th-century invention is most comparable to the telegraph in its impact?
   1. television
   2. e-mail and the Internet
   3. airplanes
   4. the telephone
6. Which increased as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
   1. prices for consumer goods
   2. dependence on the weather
   3. the speed of transactions
   4. isolation of commercial centers

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.3 Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Population Shifts During the Industrial Revolution

Specific Objective: Describe the growth of population, rural to urban migration, and growth of cities associated with the Industrial Revolution.

Read the summary to answer the questions on the next page.

Population Growth By the time of the Industrial Revolution, there were more people than ever before. A main reason for this was 18th century agricultural improvements, which all but ended the periodic famines that had kept down European populations. From 1750 to 1850, the population of England alone nearly tripled.

Rural to Urban Migration Before the Industrial Revolution, most Europeans—and most of the world—lived on small farms in rural areas. By the mid-1800s, half the people in England lived in cities, and by 1900 this change had spread throughout much of Europe. Population migration from rural to urban settings is a defining feature of the Industrial Revolution.

Why Cities?

• Factory work made it necessary for many workers to be in one place.
• New goods brought the need for new market centers. Often, these were located on waterways for ease of transportation.
• The emerging banking and commercial industries developed their own centers.

Disease in Urban Centers Nineteenth-century city dwellers were vulnerable to contagious—and sometimes deadly—diseases such as typhus, cholera, and influenza. These spread rapidly in the unhealthy conditions created by industrialization.

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.4 Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.

The Evolution of Work and Labor

Specific Objective: Trace the evolution of work and labor, including the demise of the slave trade and the effects of immigration, mining and manufacturing, division of labor, and the union movement.

Read the summary to answer the questions on the next page.

The Industrial Revolution quickened the pace of workers’ lives and shaped how they worked and where they lived. No longer did the vast majority work in agriculture. Millions were employed in mining and manufacturing—many working in a cash economy for the first time and in fast-growing urban centers.

The Demise of the Slave Trade

The Industrial Revolution was financed in part by profits from the trans-Atlantic slave trade. But industry soon became more profitable than the slave trade. During the early 1800s, the slave trade was abolished in England, the United States, and much of Europe. Debates about the economic benefits of slavery developed alongside the obvious moral questions. Especially in the industrial northern United States, many people felt that free labor—not slave labor—was the only way to grow a strong industrial economy.

Immigration

Immigration fueled the labor force, especially in North America. In the 19th century, expanding industry in North America drew millions of immigrants from Europe and Asia who sought new economic opportunities. By the 1870s, they arrived at a rate of more than 2,000 a day. Advances in transportation made this mass migration possible. Overseas transportation was safer and more available than ever before, and immigrants traveled within North America by the new railway systems.

Division of Labor

Increasingly divided social classes emerged during the Industrial Revolution. Very wealthy industrial owners and businessmen formed the upper class. The middle classes included a variety of professionals, such as teachers, lawyers, shopkeepers, and small businessmen. Factory workers and other dependent laborers made up the working class.

The Union Movement

The union movement arose to address the many problems faced by laborers. A union is an organization that speaks for the workers it represents. Its first effort to solve a problem is often collective bargaining—negotiations, led by the union, to resolve disputes between workers and employers. If this effort is unsuccessful, it may be followed by a strike, in which union members refuse to work until their demands are met.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which would have been a common life change in England during the Industrial Revolution?
   1. A farmer moves to an industrial area to work in a coal mine.
   2. A coal miner works his way up through the ranks to own the mine.
   3. A coal miner moves to the country to run his own farm.
   4. A lawyer loses his business and is forced to work in a coal mine.
2. In Great Britain, the Factory Act of 1819 declared it illegal for children to work more than 12 hours a day. What does the act suggest about labor conditions at that time?
   1. Working conditions were worse in Great Britain than in other nations.
   2. The government frequently intervened on behalf of workers.
   3. Some children spent more than half of each day working.
   4. Factories were unable to attract adult employees.
3. In the 19th century, millions of people seeking work migrated
   1. from Asia to Europe.
   2. from North America to Europe.
   3. from North America to Europe and Asia.
   4. from Asia and Europe to North America.
4. Which statement is true of social class during the Industrial Revolution?
   1. People could move freely from one social class to another.
   2. Social classes became increasingly divided.
   3. The very idea of social classes became outdated.
   4. Europe was generally divided between an upper class and a working class.
5. Collective bargaining was a process of negotiation between
   1. employers and workers.
   2. employers and the government.
   3. unions and the government.
   4. workers and unions.
6. In 1902, Pennsylvania coal miners refused to work, returning to their jobs only when guaranteed a 10 percent pay increase and reduction of hours. The miners’ action is an example of
   1. forming a union.
   2. free labor.
   3. a strike.
   4. a picket.

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.5 Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy.

Components of an Industrial Economy

Specific Objective: Understand the connections among natural resources, entrepreneurship, labor, and capital in an industrial economy.

 Read the graphic organizer to answer the questions on the next page.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

Use the quotation to answer questions 1 and 2.

“They are the leaders on the way to material progress . . . . They guess what the consumers would like to have and are intent on providing them with these things.”

—from Human Action: A Treatise on Economics, Ludwig von Mises

1. The quotation describes the role in an industrial economy played by
   1. entrepreneurs.
   2. investors.
   3. labor.
   4. salespeople.
2. According to the quotation, what skill is important to a business leader?
   1. the ability to raise money
   2. an understanding of people’s needs
   3. fair leadership
   4. a love of material goods
3. What is the goal of industrial production?
   1. employment for great numbers of people
   2. efficient use of natural resources
   3. finding new sources of capital
   4. the manufacture of consumer goods that can be sold
4. Which event in 19th-century England most benefited its industrial economy?
   1. war against Russia
   2. the growth of democracy
   3. increased population growth
   4. a decline in agriculture
5. Which social change in 19th-century England would have most benefited an industrial entrepreneur?
   1. the movement toward a national education system
   2. abolition of the slave trade
   3. greater availability of bank loans
   4. laws to protect laborers

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.6 Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.

Responses to Capitalism

Specific Objective: Analyze the emergence of capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the responses to it, including Utopianism, Social Democracy, Socialism, and Communism.

Read the summaries to answer the questions on the next page.

Capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes profit and private ownership. In capitalism, the factors of production—such as land and other natural resources—are owned privately, by wealthy business owners and investors. Critics of capitalism say that the system creates profit for owners and investors, but not for workers. During the Industrial Revolution, many workers labored in poverty and under dangerous conditions. New systems of thought arose in response to such problems:

Utopianism Basic idea: people live and work together, sharing goods and property.

• Utopian communities were alternative societies based on cooperation and sharing. A number of these communities were founded in the United States in the early 1800s. Most were formed by small groups of people in rural areas and did not last for long. But a few, such as the Amana colonies in Iowa, were sizable and existed for more than a century.

Socialism Basic idea: the factors of production are owned by the people, at least in part, and are used for the benefit of all.

• Many socialists believed that capitalism was a cause of moral and ethical problems, such as child labor and low wages. They thought people could work together to solve these problems and plan for a more fair economy. Nineteenth-century socialists played important roles in the labor movement.

Communism Basic idea: workers should take control of all the factors of production.

• Communism is a type of socialism that is often associated with revolution. The term “communism” became famous in the book Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848. Marx and Engels emphasized revolutionary struggle as a means of achieving a society in which all people were economically equal.

Social Democracy Basic idea: government plays a role in managing production and provides certain social services.

• Social democrats believe that the government should play a role in the economy in order to make sure that the people receive certain benefits, such as health care and education. Social democracy developed in the 20th century out of socialist ideas. It is the dominant system in many European nations today.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which statement would critic of capitalism have most likely made during the Industrial Revolution?
   1. “Rapid economic growth destroys our natural resources.”
   2. “Most of our consumer goods are produced overseas.”
   3. “Business owners get rich while workers remain poor.”
   4. “The cost of machinery and new factories is too high.”
2. Nineteenth-century socialists made significant gains in
   1. the United States Congress.
   2. the labor movement.
   3. abolitionism.
   4. halting the Industrial Revolution.
3. What was the relationship between work and property in utopian community?
   1. Those who worked the most owned the most property.
   2. few owned most of the property while others worked for them.
   3. People worked separately but shared their property.
   4. People worked together and shared their property.
4. With what economic ideis Karl Marx most closely associated?
   1. capitalism
   2. socialism
   3. communism
   4. social democracy
5. Citizens in social democracy expect their government to
   1. provide them with certain benefits.
   2. leave the economy alone.
   3. own all the factors of production.
   4. engage in collective bargaining.
6. Which economic system emerged in Europe as response to both capitalist and socialist ideals?
   1. socialism
   2. communism
   3. trade unionism
   4. social democracy

CALIFORNIA CONTENT STANDARD 10.3.7 Describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and the move away from Classicism in Europe.

Romanticism in Art and Literature

Specific Objective: Describe the emergence of Romanticism in art and literature (e.g., the poetry of William Blake and William Wordsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of Charles Dickens), and the move away from Classicism in Europe.

Read the summary to answer the questions on the next page.

Nineteenth-century European art, music, and literature were dominated by two styles: classicism and romanticism.

• Classicism sought to imitate the arts of ancient Greece and Rome. Tradition, reason, and symmetry were prized. The forms of plays and musical compositions followed particular rules; painters and architects incorporated subjects and images from the ancient world.
• Romanticism emphasized love of nature, emotional expression, individual experience, and the importance of ordinary people and folk traditions. Often, romantics longed for a simpler, gentler past—a time when noble people lived in harmony with unspoiled nature—a past that did not in fact exist. Romanticism developed in the early 1800s and became widely popular. In some ways, Romanticism reflected the spirit and concerns of its time.

While across Europe . . .	. . . romanticism celebrated . . .	Example
. . . people demanded more political power from their royal rulers, . .	. . . the value of ordinary people.	William Wordsworth wrote poetry that used the language of ordinary people.
. . . industrialization caused pollution, and people left rural areas for cities, . . .	. . . the beauty of nature.	Beethoven’s Pastoral symphony expressed his love of nature.

Romanticism’s focus on the value of ordinary people and their experiences led to the development of social criticism—artistic work that identifies and expresses concern for problems in society. The fiction of Charles Dickens was known for its social criticism. In A Christmas Carol, for instance, Dickens vividly describes the sufferings of the poor.

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer.

“How glad I am to be able to roam in wood and thicket, among the trees and flowers and rocks!”

—Ludwig van Beethoven

1. What Romantic value is expressed in Beethoven’s words about nature?
   1. scientific knowledge
   2. personal experience
   3. the ability to travel
   4. the diversity of life
2. Which would have been the most likely subject for a classical painter?
   1. a farmer milking a cow
   2. folk dancing
   3. ancient Greek philosophers
   4. a sunset over magnificent mountains
3. Nineteenth-century European Romantics tended to view the past as a
   1. time of ignorance.
   2. time best forgotten.
   3. more stimulating time.
   4. gentler time.
4. European Romanticism celebrated the beauty of nature at a time when
   1. people were traveling to remote areas for the first time.
   2. industrialization was polluting the land.
   3. agriculture was undergoing a revival.
   4. outdoor recreation had gained in popularity.
5. European Romanticism celebrated ordinary people at a time when they
   1. lived in democracies.
   2. showed little interest in politics.
   3. demanded their rights.
   4. idealized the nobility.
6. A 19th-century novel that attempted “social criticism” might have shown how a young hero or heroine was affected by
   1. a week at the seashore.
   2. growing up in a loving family.
   3. being educated in the arts.
   4. industrial pollution.